Which of the following are symptoms of compartment syndrome?

Compartment syndrome is a serious condition that occurs when pressure within the muscles builds to dangerous levels, potentially leading to muscle and nerve damage. The symptoms associated with this condition are critical for early detection and treatment.

The five classic symptoms of compartment syndrome are often summarized as the "5 Ps": pain, paresthesia, pallor, paralysis, and the absence of pulse.

• Pain is typically severe and often disproportionate to the injury.
• Paresthesia refers to tingling or numbness and indicates nerve involvement.
• Pallor, or pale skin, can indicate compromised blood flow.
• Paralysis suggests significant nerve or muscle damage and loss of function.
• The absence of pulse indicates severely diminished blood flow, which is a medical emergency.

Recognizing all five symptoms is vital for healthcare providers to differentiate compartment syndrome from other injuries and to initiate appropriate interventions. This understanding is essential in sports massage practice, as early intervention can prevent long-term complications in athletes.

The other symptoms listed, while they may relate to other conditions or injuries, do not encompass the full spectrum needed to diagnose compartment syndrome effectively. Thus, the "5 Ps" provide a comprehensive approach that is critical in identifying and managing this potentially life-threatening condition.